How Does New Public Management Change The Public Sector

How did New Public Management change the public sector? New Public Management is the use of private sector and business approaches in the public sector in order to achieve efficiency, efficacy and quality in the delivery of public services. As a positive consequence of this, there have been increasingly positive changes through the reforms that have been implemented by New Public Management into the public sector. This paper will uncover these reforms by discussing the establishment, core principles and criticisms of New Public Management and what effect have its reforms had on the public sector. As stated by Dunleavy and Hood (1994), New Public Management was established in the 1970’s and 80’s during a time period where governments were seeking reforms that moved away from New Public Administration and its bureaucratic reforms and into a system that would run the public sector in a cost effective and efficient manner. Behmanesh and Fatemi (2012) argued that Margaret Thatcher, a former British Prime Minister, first implemented the approach of reforming the public sector through New Public Management principles in the 1980’s. Behmanesh and Fatemi (2012) further expanded their argument by stating that from Britain, New Zealand also under went a period of reforming its public sector in the 1990’s. Alam, Kalimulla and Nour, (2012) state that NPM ideologies are basically based on managerial and public choice schools of thought ideologies and they tend to question the role ofShow MoreRelatedReward System in Public Organization1720 Words   |  7 Pages Topic For Study PAY AND REWARD SYSTEM IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS SUBMITTED BY Lt Col Abid Samih Aslam Student of MS- BA Roll NO Jan 10- 025 SUPERVISOR: Dr Irfan Zafar National University of Modern Languages Islamabad ABSTRACT This article is focused on the under standing of difference of pay and reward system in public and private sector. Few organizations of public and private sector have been analyzed . Article covers These aspects:- âž ¢ Need of better pay and reward systemRead MoreIntegrating Strategic Management Practices In Public Sector1710 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrating Strategic Management Practices in Public Sector Reform in Kenya. 1Stanley Kipsang and 2Razia Mbaraka 1Moi University, Department of Development Studies P.o. Box 3900 Eldoret, 2Moi University, Department of Development Studies P.o. Box 3900 Eldoret and 3Moi University, Department of Development Studies P.o. Box 3900 Eldoret Corresponding Author- Stanley Kipsang Abstract The public sector is under increasing pressure worldwide to increase outcomes and improve outputs of their organizationsRead MoreGood Governance And Public Sector Management1022 Words   |  5 Pageslinked to Public Sector Management and how it is developing. Public Sector Management has went through changes over the past decades: from Traditional Public Administration to New Public Management or in other words Governance and managerialism. Moving from traditional administration with emphasis on neutrality of the public, tenure, career and a structure of hierarchical authority. The New Public Management with emphasis on commercialization and privatization and other private sector concepts, theRead More New Public Management and Decision Making in UK Public Policy1424 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss how the tendency of New Public Management has impacted on decision making in UK public policy. New Public Management is generally used to describe a management culture that emphasises upon the citizen or customer as being central, as well as having accountability for results. It also suggests organizational structures and promotes decentralized control, many different types of service delivery mechanisms, including quasi-markets with public and private service providers competingRead MoreManaging and Leading Change: Article Analysis1258 Words   |  5 PagesLeading Change This report is a compare and contrast of four different scholarly journal articles relating to the management and leading of change in a business environment. The strengths and weaknesses, as assessed by the author of this report, will be assessed. The authors own point of view will be discussed next. Evidence to support that point of view will be mentioned next and then the report will be wrapped up with a discussion of leadership styles and overall behavior in the public sector. NotRead More How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIf you dont understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy† (Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting theRead MoreFinancial Interests Of The Big 4 Accounting Firms And A Private Cartel Designed And Promoted For The Benefit Of Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesQ4. Murphy claimed that IASB does not act in public interest that it is a private cartel designed and promoted for the benefit of the Big 4 accounting firms. This is not groundless suspicion in considering the mutual interests and alliance lie between them. Big accounting firms have always been involved in standard setting. Especially the Big 4, pointed out by Albu et al. (2011), always participate in standard setting process and develop guidance on the application of standards. In fact, a largeRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Procedures For The Public Sector1740 Words   |  7 PagesRecruitment and Selection is arguably one of the most important aspects of Public Personnel Management. There are many factors that seem to undermine the overall process of recruitment and selection. Nigro (2013), says that success in recruitment and selection depends on adequate pay and benefits, satisfactory work conditions, short and efficient application and selection procedures. It is safe to say that many jobs in the public sector are filled on the basis of political patronage. These are typicallyRead MoreThe Role of TQM1626 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between Total Quality Management (TQM) and Continuous Improvement (CI)? Discuss the role s of Quality Assurance and Quality Control and their relative importance in demonstrating this relationship? What is the role of quality role in the development of an E-Commerce capability? Total Quality Management (TQM) is focus on the quality of the products or services. TQM expands beyond statistical process control to embrace a wider scope of management activities of how we manage people and organizationsRead MoreDifferences Between Public and Private Sectors Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe Differences between Public Sector and Private Sector [pic] by Robyn Z. Abdusamad Dr. Deborah LeBlanc PAD 620 – Research Paper August 23, 2010 The Differences between Public Sector and Private Sector SUMMARY When we examine public sector versus private sector, plenty of differences come to mind. In defining each, we learn a private sector in an economy consist of all businesses and firms owned by ordinary members of the general public. It also consists of all the private

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 507 Words

J.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings in back row?†(42). He kept the idea of purity with jane(the girl he asked about) and only saw her as still a child and not as a teenage girl already having sex. The thought of someone maturing and losing their innocence is portrayed as a bad thing in many stories. For instance, when the words â€Å"F*ck You† were written on the walls of Holdens little sister Phoebe school, he instantly assumes someone older snuck in who doesnt belong around children came and did it. In his mind, he doesnt see children writing swear word or having sex; he sees them doing the opposite and trying to ignore them. When dealing with children, adults tend to ignore reality and dumb down to their level and way of thinking. As shown in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by Salinger, Seymour (the adult) meets with a Sybil (young girl) and makes up imaginary creatures such as a Bananafish and they look for it. Also, they talk about things they enjoy, but keeping a sense of humor : Do you like wax? Sybil asked. Do IShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger637 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the CatcherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger944 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretlyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and H olden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adulthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.† What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger983 Words   |  4 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of himRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words   |  3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journ ey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation

Modern Advertising free essay sample

Advertising is an important tool of promotion.. Advertisement is a non-personal presentation of an idea or a product Advertisement supplements personal selling to a great extent. Advertising has, acquired great importance in the modern India characterized by tough competition in the market and fast changes in technology, and fashion and taste customers. In this chapter, we shall study the nature, functions and media of advertisement used by modern business firms. Advertising is used for communicating business information to the present and prospective customers.It usually provides information about the advertising firm, its product qualities, place of availability of its products, etc. Advertisement is indispensable for both the sellers and the buyers. However, it is more important for the sellers. In the modern age of large scale production, producers cannot think of pushing sale of their products without advertising them. Advertising is the dissemination of information concerning an idea, product. Or service to induce action in accordance with the intent of the advertiser. According to William J.Stanton, Advertising consists of all the activities involved in presenting to an audience a non-personal, sponsor-identified, paid-for message about a product or organization. Advertising is any paid arm of non-persona: presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services of an identified sponsor. The message which is presented or disseminated is known as advertisement Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mass media can be defined as any media meant to reach a mass amount of people.Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. In 201 0, spending on advertising was estimated at more than $300 billion in the United States and $500 billion worldwide. Internationally, the largest (big four) advertising conglomerates are Interruptible, HISTORY OF ADVERTISING Modern Advertising is Largely a product of 21 SST century. However, Communication has been a part of selling process for almost as long as there have been the new exchange goods for one person to another. Development of technology has led to increased sophistication in the vast in the advertising in the recent decades. The recorded history of advertising covers a period of about 5000 years including the modern satellite and Internet age. The urge to advertise has been a part of human nature since ancient times.Before the invention of printing from movable type (about 1438 AD) by John Gutenberg, there were three forms of advertising : * Trademarks Craftsmen in early times wanted to be identified for there skills and it placed their individual marks on the goods they crafted. This led to reputation building of particular artisans by word of mouth. Buyers learnt well look for distinctive mark just as we look today for brand names and trademarks on projects. * Signs : Archaeologists have revealed from excavations that little shops had inscriptions on walls near the entrance to inform the passers by about the type of goods sold.These messages highly praised the product that were for sale. This is an example of outdoor advertising. * Town criers : This system Of town criers was present in all developed civilizations Of ancient world. These town criers will pay to go around spreading news and making announcements in the streets. Epics and history books about ancient India reveal that system of town criers was used by the rulers in India to inform the public of various public interest matters. In rural India, town criers were used till 1 9505. TYPES OF ADVERTISING Introduction Virtually any medium can be used for advertising.Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television adverts, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web pops,skywriting, bus Stop benches, human billboards, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes (logiest), in-flight advertisements on setback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers,doors of bathroom tails,stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles (exaggerating)r the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising The differen t forms of advertising are : Digital advertising * TV Advertising The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events.Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word infomercial combining the words information commercial * Radio advertising Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials.While radio has the obvious limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising Often cite this as an advantage. * Online advertising Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in text ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing including e-mail spam. Physical advertising * Press advertising Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal.This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising product or service. Another form of press advertising is the Display Ad, which is a larger ad (can include art) that typically run in an article section of a newspaper * Mobile billboard advertising Mobile billboards are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens.These can be on dedicated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes presented by clients, they can also be specially equipped cargo trucks or, in some cases, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted; some being backbit, and others employing spotlights * Street advertising This type of advertising first came to prominence in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements. Working with products such as Reverse Graffiti and ad pavement advertising, the media became an affordable and effective tool for getting brand messages out into public spaces.NON PRODUCT ADVERTISING Ideas or civvies are advertised in non-product advertising. * Id ea Advertising : As advertising is a powerful communication tool, it is often used to info;ounce special interests groups and away public opinion. Human rights, environmental issues, child labor, dowry, AIDS awareness and other issues are example for which mass media advertising is used has increased tremendously in recent years. These advertisements are for the welfare of the society. Idea advertising often generates controversies because many if the issues trigger heated discussions laden with emotions. For example, the Government of India broadcasts different social messages on the radio and television. Service Advertising In service advertising, various services are advertised. Service advertising is trying to sell expertise in some field. The companies providing services keep n using a distinctive mark, theme or slogan for years to develop a distinct identity and increase awareness and instant recognition by consumers. For example, ICC bank uses the stylish I in its advertising, Air India uses the Maharaja as a logo in its advertisement. THE 5 MS of OVEREATING The organizations handle their advertising in different ways. In small companies, advertising is handled by someone in the sales or marketing department, who works with an ad agene.A large company will often set up its own advertising department or else hire an ad agency to do the job of preparing advertising programmers. In developing a program, marketing managers must always start by identifying the target market and the buyers motives. Then they can make the five major decisions in developing an advertising program, known as the five Ms, biz. * Mission: what are the advertising objectives? * Money: how much can be spent? * Message: what message can be sent? * Media: what media should be used * Measurement: how should the results is evaluated? OBJECTIVE OF ADVERTISING In the primary objective of advertising is to increase sales. In modern times, Advertising has become the soul, mind, heart and body of modern business economy. The advertising objective must flow from prior decisions on target market, market positioning, and marketing mix, Many specific communication and sales objectives can be assigned to advertising. Besides increasing the sales, the following are the important objectives of advertising. : To build up and maintain a good image. * To build up and maintain a brand loyalty * To make the people aware of their needs * To introduce a new offering in the market. * To inform the people about availability of different types of products and * To create goodwill for the manufacturer, company or a firm. Revises To counteract competition. * Encourages the maintenance and the improvement of quality of products Creates new uses Of the product. * Holds customers when salesman transfers to a competitor. Gains goodwill or stored buying habits * Stabilized the company business. * Establishes value which can not been destroyed or dissipated. * Overcomes consumers customs and prejudices. The advertising objectives should emerge from a through analysis of the current marketing situation. If the product class is mature, the company is the market leader, and the brand usage is low, the company is not the market deader, but the brand is superior to the leader, than the objective of advertising is to convince the market of the brands superiority. BENEFITS OF ADVERTISING Advertising is the most important tool in the marketing of products and services. Companies all over the world universally accepted this fact. The expenses on advertising are considered to be a profitable investment that reaps profits both in the long and short run. Businesses that keep on advertising regardless of rise or fall in the economic times get a competitive advantage over those that cut their ad budgets. There are many benefits of advertising which include: l. Limitation to the Customer. Advertisement about new products keeps the customer informed about the new developments in the industry. They help to provide them information regarding the newly launched products. 2. Takes care of customers. Advertising takes care of customers.It helps in holding on to the loyal customer, decreasing the number of lost customers and enlisting new customers. Thus the overall effect of advertising is increase in the number of customers that will gradually become loyal to the product. 3. Improves the sale of product. Advertising facilitates a noticeable increase in the sale of the product. It thus helps reduces per unit cost Of the product and help the businesses to earn profits. 4. Alters the attitudes of people. An effectual advertisement results in a swift change in the attitudes and habits of the people. 5. Direct communication. In earlier days customers believed on the opinions of retailers, when making the purchases of products.With the rapid spread of media and advertising to every nook and corner of the world, people have become aware of the various products that are available in the same category and the freebies ND benefits of purchasing them. So the companies or manufacturers are able to communicate their message directly to the customers. 6. Increase employment. Advertising is a complicated task and a Ii of people are involved in the making of an advertisement. Research team, design team and many other people are required to make and deliver it. So, advertisements generate employment for a lot of people. 7. Economic progress. Advertising increases sales, employment and profits.The overall effect of all this is economic progress for the nation, or more broadly for the world as a whole. 8. Religious and moral benefits. Social and religious institutions use advertising for communicating their messages like messages of patriotism, faith, compassion tolerance, and charity toward needy, messages related to health and education. These educate people and guide better behavior. Advertising through every medium offers some or the other benefits. But nowadays the most popular medium of advertisement is through television. Although the cost of advertising is quite high but the benefits in the long run balance the high Cost associate to it. So, companies should concentrate on advertising as an important medium toSix Elements of a Successful Advertising Six Elements of a Successful Advertising Campaign If you are new to advertising or if youre using media or publications you haven t tried before, its important to assign your ads to outside specialists rather than try to create them yourself. These specialists may be the creative group at an advertising agency, a freelance writer and designer, or the ad depart ment of the newspaper, magazine, TV channel, or radio station where you plan to advertise. Such people are experienced in translating information about a product or service, target market, U. S. P. And goals into advertising that suits each medium and conveys an effective image and sales message.Moreover, its extremely helpful to work with and learn from specialists for several years before you consider doing advertising in-house. Whether you work with specialists or create advertising on your own, here are six guidelines to follow in developing an ad program: * Do your homework. Start compiling your own ad file. Collect ads you like as well as competitors ads to give you ideas. Read books on advertising, including anthologies of the best ads of the year and how-tots by advertising great Sell the sizzle, not the steak. The old rule about selling products based on the benefits and excitement they provide has proved true time and time again, so focus on your U. S. P. ND on those intangibles that motivate human behavior and generate sales. * Stick to your own image and personality. Stay with the basics of who you are. Make sure that the personality and image projected in your advertising ring true. * Work as a team with your ad rep or ad agency. The best advertising results from a synergy of your expertise in your business and your ad specialists expertise in advertising. Carefully explain your product, market, and goals, and let the ad people go from there to develop their ideas. Advertising is a give-and-take process, and both sides need to communicate and work together without dictating until the outcome feels right. * Give each advertising medium you choose a fair test. Advertising rarely brings sales overnight. Run your ad at least five times-or at least two months in weekly publications-to test the market properly. Often, consumers need to get used to seeing your ad before theyll act on it. Results take time. * Dont overlook current customers. Nobody sells you better than a satisfied customer, so in your efforts to gain sales from new prospects, remember that you can build sales equally well through customer referrals and repeat purchases of existing clientele. Maintain a mailing list and, at your earliest opportunity, start producing sale notices, newsletters, catalogs, or other goodwill and sales-generating materials for current customers. Some of these items lend themselves to a direct mail campaign targeted at new prospects as well. * Slogans, Logo Type And Signature most companies have used slogans for several years and the slogans have become a symbol of identification for the company. He display of the company name, seal or trademark is called a logotype and is a common part of most advertisements. For example, Monika uses connection people. The next time element of advertising it illustration. Illustration means a picture used to increase the effect of a copy of an advertising. Sometimes a picture or pictures are used in place of copy. A picture is worth a thousand words. N illustration, therefore, means a picture are used in an advertisement to tell the prospects the message of an advertisement. The presence or absence of a picture is an advertisement can cause marked difference in its effectiveness tit the help of Illustration over-emphasis in the can be avoided and display appeal can be made clear and direct. The inadequacy of language is compensated for with the use of an illustration. For example, the latest ad of Maul, which uses an illustration. MARKETING ROLE OF ADVERTISING The systematic planning, implementation and control Of a mix Of business activities intended to bring together buyers and sellers for the mutually advantageous exchange or transfer of products.After reading both of the definitions it is easy to understand how the difference can be confusing to the mint that people think of them as one-in-the same, so lets break it down a bit. Advertising is a single component of the marketing process. Its the part that involves getting the word out concerning your business, product, or the services you are offering. It involves the process of developing strategies such as ad placement, frequency, etc. Advertising includes the placement of an ad in such mediums as newspapers, direct mail, billboards, television, radio, and of course the Internet. Advertising is the largest expense of most marketing plans, with public relations following in a close second and market research to falling far behind.The best way to distinguish between advertising and marketing is to think of marketing as a pie, inside that pie you have slices of advertising, market research, media planning, public relations, product pricing, distribution, customer support, sales strategy, and community involvement. Advertising only equals one piece of the pie in the strategy. All of these elements must not only work independently but they also must work together towards the bigger goal. Marketing is a process that takes time and can involve hours of research for a marketing plan to be effective. Think Of marketing as everything that an organ action does to facilitate an exchange between company and consumer. IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISEMENT Advertising is an important aspect of promoting almost any product, service or brand.Most of the dictionaries also refer to advertising as, * an activity that involves the public promotion of goods and services, or a brand or a company or an establishment * a business of drawing public attention to goods and services and their merits * a process that calls attention to a pa reticular good or service * a process that makes publicity for a said subject such as a good, service, product, brand, person, establishment, company or firm) Thus, from the above definition it can be concluded that advertising is a task that involves m aking the public aware and conscious about the subject that is being advertised. Neo-classical economists and modern economists often criticize advertising by calling in a profession that creates awareness about a product in the consumers brain, which eventually leads to a craving to own that product. This continual process that is bought about by advertising eventually leads to increasing demand and eventual scarcity of resources. Moving on to importance of advertising Why is Advertising Important? The aim of any business is to maximize the sales of that business. This minimization results into a lot of revenue and profits for the company. Advertising ensures that the sales of the business increase.The second importance is that the product which is sold under the banner of a specific brand also becomes a household name. For example, Coke or coca- cola is a house hold brand name. Same is the case of Pepsi. Such popular brand names have huge customer base that is loyal to the brand and continues to purchase the product for a prolonged time period. Such a customer base also introduces the product and brand to many other people. Creation of awareness is the primary objective of any advertisement. Thus, when any product is advertised, people become aware about its existence and as mentioned above, a need and craving to purchase and own the commodity.Importance of Advertising in Business From the business point of view, advertising not just optimizes sales and product promotion but the goodwill of the specific brand that is earned is an important asset. A well known brand not only has a good customer base but it is a great ground to introduce new products under the same banner. In such a case, there is a very high probability that people are going to purchase the new product out of curiosity. It is often said that reputation gained and maintained due to advertising helps out the business through out the life time. The logic behind that is simple. When advertising creates awareness, people know about the product and when they known about the product, they pay attention to its newer advertisements and the probability that the person will buy the product will increase.

The Yellow Wallpaper

Introduction The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman that explains the sad story of a woman suffering from acute postpartum depression. Written during the dying years of the 19th century, The Yellow Wallpaper is characteristic of the mental and emotional treatment that women were subjected to during this period. Indeed, Gilman uses this short story as her â€Å"reaction† to this sort of treatment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given the weight that Gilman gives The Yellow Wallpaper and considering her own life, one would be tempted to conclude that she was indeed using the story as a reference to her life. Through reading the story, one is able to see a clear desire for the women in this period to entangle themselves from domination. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, there is a clear theme of domination of wom en and the society seems to be unanimous in support of it. From the surface, the story seems to be addressing the narrator’s sickness but a deeper analysis reveals that it is indeed talking of the condition of the women folk in general. In fact, the society seems to have assigned roles for women, which they are supposed to adhere to. In the story, John is used symbolically to represent the male folk while the narrator represents the women. Throughout the story, the narrator together with the rest of the women trapped in the wallpaper are desperately trying to break loose from the function that the society has assigned for them. Although these women are trying as hard as they can, their courage always seems to fail them especially at night when their husbands and the rest of the family are at home. However, their courage finally gives way and this is why John who is used to represent men faints upon realizing that his wife has finally broken free from his control. Although thi s observation is debatable, there is clear evidence from the story to prove this point. Right from the start, there seems to be specific duties that wives and mothers have to fulfill. These duties seem to have been so oppressive such that the women tend to get depressed after giving birth to their first child. This depression leads them to take the rest cure during which time they are supposed to do nothing but to eat and remain in seclusion. The rest is so extreme such that one is even forbidden from writing anything since this would be tantamount to overworking their brains something that would hinder their recovery. This is despite the fact that the narrator knows that â€Å"congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good.† (Gilman)Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the oppression of women seems to have been so great such that John and the narra tor’s brother who are both physicians believe that the narrator is not sick despite her thinking otherwise. This happens despite the fact that they both love the narrator dearly. What is surprising is that despite this form of medication, the narrator does not seem to get any better. In fact, she wishes that she could get well faster just to escape this form of regimen. It is obvious that the narrator views the treatment as an unnecessary interruption in her life that should not have occurred in the first place. Despite this, she is aware of the repercussions that could possibly follow her refusal to adhere to the terms of the medication. Instead of looking in to the reasons why her recovery is slow, John believes that her wife is to blame something that seems to scare the narrator a great deal. This is seen when she says, â€Å"If I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall.† (Gilman) Although we are not told what kind of a place Weir M itchell was, there is no doubt that it was a place that instilled fear on the narrator and this makes us to wonder what kind of an husband would want to take his wife in such a place. In fact, Gilman seems to have put this statement for effect just to show us the extreme end that these men were willing to go to keep their women under control. Although the couple rents a colonial mansion for the wife to recuperate, it is ironical how she is not allowed any say in the matter. Throughout the story, John seems to know what is best for his wife and he does not accept her output in the matter. Of all the things, the husband does not even allow her to choose her bedroom from the many rooms but instead he forces her to occupy the room with the ugly wallpaper. The narrator wants to do so many things but as it was characteristic in that period, the marriage institution that she is committed to compromises her freedom and happiness. In addition to the bedroom containing the ugly wallpaper, the room has no windows and even the bed is bolted to prevent her from moving it to any other position. This is a clear sign of control and domination by the husband. By analyzing the lives of the women behind the wallpaper, it is obvious that they are trying to look for their freedom. On her part, the narrator is looking for freedom from her husband and the rest cure that she has been subjected to. Throughout the story, the narrator tries hard to free women from the gender bias that had seeped in the society. However, this is not easy because just like the wallpaper these societal changes had become â€Å"ridged and yellow with age.† (Gilman)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite John’s domination, the narrator slowly begins to take control of her life. Although she had loathed the yellow wallpaper at first, she begins gaining some mental streng th just by watching it. As her mind begins to churn, she forces herself to think and this is something that her husband does not like. Deep down her heart, she knows that her husband does not necessarily know everything but she does not say anything for fear of reprisals. Although John has told her not to bother herself with anything, she begins analyzing the wallpaper and that is when she notices the figure of women trying to free themselves. For once, the narrator feels that she knows something that her husband or any other person for that matter does not have an idea about. This is presented when she says, â€Å"there are things in that paper that nobody knows but me.† For once, the narrator is elated since she feels that she possesses first hand knowledge that is not yet evident to her husband. For once in her life, she seems to have concluded that she has a functional mind that is entirely hers and one that she can use as she wills. Even to John, her wife is like a myste ry that he is unable to solve and that is why he keeps he locked in the bedroom just to keep her under control. However, what he fails to realize is that by doing so he is actually helping her to solve her own mystery. As the story nears climax, John seems bewildered and he even seems to be noticing a change of attitude on the narrator. In fact, he commends her for putting an effort to get better but she knows that she is getting well for other reasons. Although he does not admit it, John has realized that the wallpaper is a representation of his wife and that is why he reprimands her wherever he catches her staring at it. Just with a day to go before they leave the house, the narrator masters her courage and tears down the wallpaper. The narrator’s feelings of freedom peak when she manages to pull down the yellow wallpaper from the walls where it had hanged for many years. In order to accomplish this, she uses much will power and patience but she finally manages to get the w ork done. She is convinced that John would reprimand her for tearing down the wallpaper but for once, she is not bothered. To her, taking control of anything even if it is the â€Å"odious wallpaper† is better than just sitting and doing nothing. Indeed, tearing down the wallpaper seems to only be the first step toward her freedom. To her, she seems to have concluded that her life was in her own hands and not on Johns or any other male for that matter. Within a short time, she seems to have developed mentally as a woman. The narrator’s final victory comes when John arrives home and realizes what she has done. To begin with, he is shocked when he realizes that she has locked the door something that she had never done before. However, the climax arrives when he enters the room and realizes that she has torn down the wallpaper. There is no doubt in John’s mind that his wife has finally developed mentally and regained the freedom that he had for so long denied her. In fact, the shock is so much for John such that he faints.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proof that the narrator has gained mental control comes shortly after when she says that â€Å"now why should that man have fainted? But he did, and right across my path by the wall so that I had to creep over him every time.† (Gilman) At this point, she is not perturbed by what he thinks and his fainting does not even surprise her. To her, tearing the wallpaper out of the walls is a sign of showing that she is willing to take matters into her own hands and this is what scares the husband and makes him faint. Conclusion The Yellow Wallpaper is a clear representation of life in the 19th century. During this period, women seem to have been under male domination and the society seems to have accepted this fact. Throughout the story, the narrator seems to be fighting to get a voice of her own. However, her husband decides that he knows what is best for her and he does not even give her the freedom of choosing what she wants. Instead, he embarks on making all the decisions for her even on matters that directly affect her well-being. At the end of the story, the narrator regains control of her life and this scares her husband to a point where he even faints. Works Cited Gilman Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper, 1899. Web. http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/home This essay on The Yellow Wallpaper was written and submitted by user Cerise to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Yellow Wallpaper The point of view adopted by the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman in The Yellow Wallpaper is first person. The narrator is a new mother, living temporarily in a house of unaccustomed lavishness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She and her family come there to help her recuperate from a mysterious ailment, perhaps postpartum depression. This ailment seems to be both mental and physical because she gets so tired. She disagrees with her husband’s and brother’s handling of her health. Since she is nearly entirely hallucinatory by the story’s end, the reader is led to suspect the accuracy of her narrative. However, her perception of her own feelings is quite lucid. Thus, she is both reliable and unreliable as a narrator. The point of view of someone undergoing mental breakdown is ambiguous, and forces the reader to constantly question the facts while acknowledging her probable accuracy and insights about herself. The reader meets the narrator while she speculates about the house that her husband has rented. She demonstrates an active, inquiring mind as she wonders why the rent was so cheap (Gilman). She would like to believe that there is something otherworldly about the house and grounds, but she accepts that there was some sort of estate difficulty, which she readily accedes, â€Å"spoils my ghostliness† (Gilman). This willingness to relinquish her own fanciful interpretation shows that she has a vivid imagination, but retains her good sense. Thus, at least at the outset, she is entirely able to distinguish fact from fiction. She retains her sense of â€Å"something strange about the house† (Gilman), showing that she has a mind of her own. Indeed, much is strange about her situation, in that she is being shut away from company, including her own baby, in a room with barred windows, â€Å"rings and thingsâ €  set into the wall, a nailed-down bed, and a â€Å"gate at the head of the stairs† all suggesting mental asylum. Furthermore, whoever was immured in her room was so distraught that they tore off the wallpaper, and even did so when, the reader infers, confined to the bed or shackled to the wall (Gilman). Thus, her perception is partially valid. These initial impressions show her to be an acute, if naà ¯ve, observer and in touch with reality.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As she lives for days and weeks in this room, her objections to her treatment increase, but she is still largely in touch with reality. However, her observations of her surroundings begin, increasingly, to conflict with others’. John insists that the people she is seeing out the window do not exist (Gilman). She is beginning to personify the wallpaper in her own musings. She compares thi s to her childhood imaginings that her nursery furnishings came alive. She remembers the â€Å"kindly wink† from her bureau knobs (Gilman). The narrator also begins to hide her activities, for example, her writing, from her family, especially her sister-in-law. She distinguishes herself, as an aspiring writer, from Jane, who aspires only to housekeeping. (Gilman). Thus, while the reader begins to question her perceptions because they are drifting away from realty, she remains insightful about her relations with those around her, and about herself. Her characterization of John’s sister is acute, and she is accurate in her observation of her own tendency to â€Å"cry at nothing and cry most of the time† (Gilman). After the Fourth of July holiday, her obsession with the wallpaper begins to signal her retreat away from the concrete world, and her increasing unreliability as a reporter of fact. She says of the wallpaper, â€Å"It dwells on my mind so†, and rec ounts how she visually follows the pattern by the hour (Gilman). However, she continues to be alert to her own condition of mind, recounting how she tries to convince John that she should make a visit, but despairing that â€Å"I was crying before I finished†, and cannot â€Å"think straight† (Gilman). As she begins to see a woman’s figure in the wallpaper, it seems as though she is trying to broach the topic of her near-hallucinations with her husband. She agrees that she is, â€Å"Better in body, perhaps, -â€Å"(Gilman). The reader can infer that she would have said that her mind was deteriorating, but her solicitous husband stops her with a look (Gilman). Shortly thereafter, she says, â€Å"I always lock the door when I creep by daylight† (Gilman), but does not connect this consciously with what Jennie calls â€Å"yellow smooches† on her clothes (Gilman). Thus, while interacting unconsciously with the hallucinated female behind the wallpaper, and experiencing an apparent olfactory hallucination (Gilman), she also comments with clarity on her mental state. As her condition deteriorates, and she begins to strip the wallpaper to release the imaginary woman, her hallucinations take over. However, she still retains her observant eye for the behavior of others, for example, commenting on the â€Å"professional questions† John asks Jennie about her (Gilman).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To nearly the end, she is lucid about people’s roles in her life. She fully acknowledges that she is the one doing the creeping only at the very last, finally identifying herself with the woman behind the wallpaper, â€Å"out in this great room† (Gilman). It is only when her husband faints in shock that she calls him the anonymous â€Å"that man†, not ‘John’. She now seems full y disconnected from her former reality. By using a strict first person point of view, Gilman keeps us guessing until the very end. The author uses this to make sure that the reader continues to believe the truth of the narrator’s emotional state, as she sees it herself, while the tangible facts of her life disintegrate. The narrator may become mad, by the world’s standards, but she is always on target about what she feels. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Unknown. Unknown. Unknown: Unknown, Unknown. Unknown. Print. This essay on The Yellow Wallpaper was written and submitted by user Anders Obrien to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins, the author of The Yellow Wallpaper, spent most of her time advocating for women rights. She wanted equal representation in every aspect: socially, economically and politically. Her utmost focus was in the inequality established after marriage.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She argued that women obligation to remain in the house while their husbands went to work was unfair and, asserting that it barred women from utilizing their knowledge and intelligence. She proceeded to explain that the fact that women stayed at home the same way as servants could not make anyone happy. Unless she got her freedom, nothing in the house would run smoothly. The ideology of true womanhood made women suffer in silence; however, it was phased out for the new womanhood. Gilman tries to show how men dominate the marriage institution, but in the end, w hat is displayed is the ways women are weak and let men control them. In my opinion, the owner displays her inabilities throughout the text; it is not a matter of whatever she is going through. She further claims how the man influences her decisions and, that whatever man says she has to listen notwithstanding its validity. This displays her inabilities as a woman giving the man more power and control. The narrator seems to have conflicts with her inner self; she thinks that women should be given an option to make decisions in the family and assumes her role as a true woman. The woman in this narration has allowed herself to be controlled and not by man alone. She has failed to recognize that she is the driver of her own life and blame should not be put on man. Although the man tries to control her as it is traditionally, the woman has to take it as her responsibility to control herself. The major conflict in the narration comes about when the doctor, who is also the narratorsâ€⠄¢ husband, struggles with her over the nature of her illness, which she believed resulted from her struggle with dissimilarity in their marriage institution. As a result, she terribly desires to express herself and make her complains known to the husband (Gilman, 6). The narrator tries to express her views on what she wants to do while she is sick, but her husband insists that she must get enough rest. This brings the point of conflict between the narrator and her doctor partner. John does not believe in her wife’s creativity, and that is why he does not allow her to use her talent. It seems like he is forcing her to quit writing and focus on being a wife and a mother.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, she is not able to work her creativity and ends up drawing the wallpaper that represents a depressed woman (Gilman, 15-20). Still the husband canno t believe her capability, resulting in the conflict. It shows how sometimes men can be disobliging to their wives and how they may lower their self-worth. The narration is a display of the prison nature of marriages established by men. Marriages have locked up women from pursuing their dreams and made them useless to the community at large. Men view their wives as unimportant, just as John did to his partner, making them have no other means of escaping their roles as mothers and wives. John is simply a reflection of the society and the marriage institution. The story illustrates the effects of confinement on the narrators’ depression problem. Work Cited Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1973. South Carolina: Forgotten Books. pp 1-63. Print. This critical writing on The Yellow Wallpaper was written and submitted by user Annie Donovan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.