How Does New Public Management Change The Public Sector

How did New Public Management change the public sector? New Public Management is the use of private sector and business approaches in the public sector in order to achieve efficiency, efficacy and quality in the delivery of public services. As a positive consequence of this, there have been increasingly positive changes through the reforms that have been implemented by New Public Management into the public sector. This paper will uncover these reforms by discussing the establishment, core principles and criticisms of New Public Management and what effect have its reforms had on the public sector. As stated by Dunleavy and Hood (1994), New Public Management was established in the 1970’s and 80’s during a time period where governments were seeking reforms that moved away from New Public Administration and its bureaucratic reforms and into a system that would run the public sector in a cost effective and efficient manner. Behmanesh and Fatemi (2012) argued that Margaret Thatcher, a former British Prime Minister, first implemented the approach of reforming the public sector through New Public Management principles in the 1980’s. Behmanesh and Fatemi (2012) further expanded their argument by stating that from Britain, New Zealand also under went a period of reforming its public sector in the 1990’s. Alam, Kalimulla and Nour, (2012) state that NPM ideologies are basically based on managerial and public choice schools of thought ideologies and they tend to question the role ofShow MoreRelatedReward System in Public Organization1720 Words   |  7 Pages Topic For Study PAY AND REWARD SYSTEM IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS SUBMITTED BY Lt Col Abid Samih Aslam Student of MS- BA Roll NO Jan 10- 025 SUPERVISOR: Dr Irfan Zafar National University of Modern Languages Islamabad ABSTRACT This article is focused on the under standing of difference of pay and reward system in public and private sector. Few organizations of public and private sector have been analyzed . Article covers These aspects:- âž ¢ Need of better pay and reward systemRead MoreIntegrating Strategic Management Practices In Public Sector1710 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrating Strategic Management Practices in Public Sector Reform in Kenya. 1Stanley Kipsang and 2Razia Mbaraka 1Moi University, Department of Development Studies P.o. Box 3900 Eldoret, 2Moi University, Department of Development Studies P.o. Box 3900 Eldoret and 3Moi University, Department of Development Studies P.o. Box 3900 Eldoret Corresponding Author- Stanley Kipsang Abstract The public sector is under increasing pressure worldwide to increase outcomes and improve outputs of their organizationsRead MoreGood Governance And Public Sector Management1022 Words   |  5 Pageslinked to Public Sector Management and how it is developing. Public Sector Management has went through changes over the past decades: from Traditional Public Administration to New Public Management or in other words Governance and managerialism. Moving from traditional administration with emphasis on neutrality of the public, tenure, career and a structure of hierarchical authority. The New Public Management with emphasis on commercialization and privatization and other private sector concepts, theRead More New Public Management and Decision Making in UK Public Policy1424 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss how the tendency of New Public Management has impacted on decision making in UK public policy. New Public Management is generally used to describe a management culture that emphasises upon the citizen or customer as being central, as well as having accountability for results. It also suggests organizational structures and promotes decentralized control, many different types of service delivery mechanisms, including quasi-markets with public and private service providers competingRead MoreManaging and Leading Change: Article Analysis1258 Words   |  5 PagesLeading Change This report is a compare and contrast of four different scholarly journal articles relating to the management and leading of change in a business environment. The strengths and weaknesses, as assessed by the author of this report, will be assessed. The authors own point of view will be discussed next. Evidence to support that point of view will be mentioned next and then the report will be wrapped up with a discussion of leadership styles and overall behavior in the public sector. NotRead More How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIf you dont understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy† (Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting theRead MoreFinancial Interests Of The Big 4 Accounting Firms And A Private Cartel Designed And Promoted For The Benefit Of Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesQ4. Murphy claimed that IASB does not act in public interest that it is a private cartel designed and promoted for the benefit of the Big 4 accounting firms. This is not groundless suspicion in considering the mutual interests and alliance lie between them. Big accounting firms have always been involved in standard setting. Especially the Big 4, pointed out by Albu et al. (2011), always participate in standard setting process and develop guidance on the application of standards. In fact, a largeRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Procedures For The Public Sector1740 Words   |  7 PagesRecruitment and Selection is arguably one of the most important aspects of Public Personnel Management. There are many factors that seem to undermine the overall process of recruitment and selection. Nigro (2013), says that success in recruitment and selection depends on adequate pay and benefits, satisfactory work conditions, short and efficient application and selection procedures. It is safe to say that many jobs in the public sector are filled on the basis of political patronage. These are typicallyRead MoreThe Role of TQM1626 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between Total Quality Management (TQM) and Continuous Improvement (CI)? Discuss the role s of Quality Assurance and Quality Control and their relative importance in demonstrating this relationship? What is the role of quality role in the development of an E-Commerce capability? Total Quality Management (TQM) is focus on the quality of the products or services. TQM expands beyond statistical process control to embrace a wider scope of management activities of how we manage people and organizationsRead MoreDifferences Between Public and Private Sectors Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe Differences between Public Sector and Private Sector [pic] by Robyn Z. Abdusamad Dr. Deborah LeBlanc PAD 620 – Research Paper August 23, 2010 The Differences between Public Sector and Private Sector SUMMARY When we examine public sector versus private sector, plenty of differences come to mind. In defining each, we learn a private sector in an economy consist of all businesses and firms owned by ordinary members of the general public. It also consists of all the private

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 507 Words

J.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings in back row?†(42). He kept the idea of purity with jane(the girl he asked about) and only saw her as still a child and not as a teenage girl already having sex. The thought of someone maturing and losing their innocence is portrayed as a bad thing in many stories. For instance, when the words â€Å"F*ck You† were written on the walls of Holdens little sister Phoebe school, he instantly assumes someone older snuck in who doesnt belong around children came and did it. In his mind, he doesnt see children writing swear word or having sex; he sees them doing the opposite and trying to ignore them. When dealing with children, adults tend to ignore reality and dumb down to their level and way of thinking. As shown in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by Salinger, Seymour (the adult) meets with a Sybil (young girl) and makes up imaginary creatures such as a Bananafish and they look for it. Also, they talk about things they enjoy, but keeping a sense of humor : Do you like wax? Sybil asked. Do IShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger637 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the CatcherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger944 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretlyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and H olden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adulthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.† What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger983 Words   |  4 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of himRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words   |  3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journ ey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation

Modern Advertising free essay sample

Advertising is an important tool of promotion.. Advertisement is a non-personal presentation of an idea or a product Advertisement supplements personal selling to a great extent. Advertising has, acquired great importance in the modern India characterized by tough competition in the market and fast changes in technology, and fashion and taste customers. In this chapter, we shall study the nature, functions and media of advertisement used by modern business firms. Advertising is used for communicating business information to the present and prospective customers.It usually provides information about the advertising firm, its product qualities, place of availability of its products, etc. Advertisement is indispensable for both the sellers and the buyers. However, it is more important for the sellers. In the modern age of large scale production, producers cannot think of pushing sale of their products without advertising them. Advertising is the dissemination of information concerning an idea, product. Or service to induce action in accordance with the intent of the advertiser. According to William J.Stanton, Advertising consists of all the activities involved in presenting to an audience a non-personal, sponsor-identified, paid-for message about a product or organization. Advertising is any paid arm of non-persona: presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services of an identified sponsor. The message which is presented or disseminated is known as advertisement Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mass media can be defined as any media meant to reach a mass amount of people.Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. In 201 0, spending on advertising was estimated at more than $300 billion in the United States and $500 billion worldwide. Internationally, the largest (big four) advertising conglomerates are Interruptible, HISTORY OF ADVERTISING Modern Advertising is Largely a product of 21 SST century. However, Communication has been a part of selling process for almost as long as there have been the new exchange goods for one person to another. Development of technology has led to increased sophistication in the vast in the advertising in the recent decades. The recorded history of advertising covers a period of about 5000 years including the modern satellite and Internet age. The urge to advertise has been a part of human nature since ancient times.Before the invention of printing from movable type (about 1438 AD) by John Gutenberg, there were three forms of advertising : * Trademarks Craftsmen in early times wanted to be identified for there skills and it placed their individual marks on the goods they crafted. This led to reputation building of particular artisans by word of mouth. Buyers learnt well look for distinctive mark just as we look today for brand names and trademarks on projects. * Signs : Archaeologists have revealed from excavations that little shops had inscriptions on walls near the entrance to inform the passers by about the type of goods sold.These messages highly praised the product that were for sale. This is an example of outdoor advertising. * Town criers : This system Of town criers was present in all developed civilizations Of ancient world. These town criers will pay to go around spreading news and making announcements in the streets. Epics and history books about ancient India reveal that system of town criers was used by the rulers in India to inform the public of various public interest matters. In rural India, town criers were used till 1 9505. TYPES OF ADVERTISING Introduction Virtually any medium can be used for advertising.Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television adverts, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web pops,skywriting, bus Stop benches, human billboards, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes (logiest), in-flight advertisements on setback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers,doors of bathroom tails,stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles (exaggerating)r the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising The differen t forms of advertising are : Digital advertising * TV Advertising The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events.Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word infomercial combining the words information commercial * Radio advertising Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials.While radio has the obvious limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising Often cite this as an advantage. * Online advertising Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in text ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing including e-mail spam. Physical advertising * Press advertising Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal.This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising product or service. Another form of press advertising is the Display Ad, which is a larger ad (can include art) that typically run in an article section of a newspaper * Mobile billboard advertising Mobile billboards are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens.These can be on dedicated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes presented by clients, they can also be specially equipped cargo trucks or, in some cases, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted; some being backbit, and others employing spotlights * Street advertising This type of advertising first came to prominence in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements. Working with products such as Reverse Graffiti and ad pavement advertising, the media became an affordable and effective tool for getting brand messages out into public spaces.NON PRODUCT ADVERTISING Ideas or civvies are advertised in non-product advertising. * Id ea Advertising : As advertising is a powerful communication tool, it is often used to info;ounce special interests groups and away public opinion. Human rights, environmental issues, child labor, dowry, AIDS awareness and other issues are example for which mass media advertising is used has increased tremendously in recent years. These advertisements are for the welfare of the society. Idea advertising often generates controversies because many if the issues trigger heated discussions laden with emotions. For example, the Government of India broadcasts different social messages on the radio and television. Service Advertising In service advertising, various services are advertised. Service advertising is trying to sell expertise in some field. The companies providing services keep n using a distinctive mark, theme or slogan for years to develop a distinct identity and increase awareness and instant recognition by consumers. For example, ICC bank uses the stylish I in its advertising, Air India uses the Maharaja as a logo in its advertisement. THE 5 MS of OVEREATING The organizations handle their advertising in different ways. In small companies, advertising is handled by someone in the sales or marketing department, who works with an ad agene.A large company will often set up its own advertising department or else hire an ad agency to do the job of preparing advertising programmers. In developing a program, marketing managers must always start by identifying the target market and the buyers motives. Then they can make the five major decisions in developing an advertising program, known as the five Ms, biz. * Mission: what are the advertising objectives? * Money: how much can be spent? * Message: what message can be sent? * Media: what media should be used * Measurement: how should the results is evaluated? OBJECTIVE OF ADVERTISING In the primary objective of advertising is to increase sales. In modern times, Advertising has become the soul, mind, heart and body of modern business economy. The advertising objective must flow from prior decisions on target market, market positioning, and marketing mix, Many specific communication and sales objectives can be assigned to advertising. Besides increasing the sales, the following are the important objectives of advertising. : To build up and maintain a good image. * To build up and maintain a brand loyalty * To make the people aware of their needs * To introduce a new offering in the market. * To inform the people about availability of different types of products and * To create goodwill for the manufacturer, company or a firm. Revises To counteract competition. * Encourages the maintenance and the improvement of quality of products Creates new uses Of the product. * Holds customers when salesman transfers to a competitor. Gains goodwill or stored buying habits * Stabilized the company business. * Establishes value which can not been destroyed or dissipated. * Overcomes consumers customs and prejudices. The advertising objectives should emerge from a through analysis of the current marketing situation. If the product class is mature, the company is the market leader, and the brand usage is low, the company is not the market deader, but the brand is superior to the leader, than the objective of advertising is to convince the market of the brands superiority. BENEFITS OF ADVERTISING Advertising is the most important tool in the marketing of products and services. Companies all over the world universally accepted this fact. The expenses on advertising are considered to be a profitable investment that reaps profits both in the long and short run. Businesses that keep on advertising regardless of rise or fall in the economic times get a competitive advantage over those that cut their ad budgets. There are many benefits of advertising which include: l. Limitation to the Customer. Advertisement about new products keeps the customer informed about the new developments in the industry. They help to provide them information regarding the newly launched products. 2. Takes care of customers. Advertising takes care of customers.It helps in holding on to the loyal customer, decreasing the number of lost customers and enlisting new customers. Thus the overall effect of advertising is increase in the number of customers that will gradually become loyal to the product. 3. Improves the sale of product. Advertising facilitates a noticeable increase in the sale of the product. It thus helps reduces per unit cost Of the product and help the businesses to earn profits. 4. Alters the attitudes of people. An effectual advertisement results in a swift change in the attitudes and habits of the people. 5. Direct communication. In earlier days customers believed on the opinions of retailers, when making the purchases of products.With the rapid spread of media and advertising to every nook and corner of the world, people have become aware of the various products that are available in the same category and the freebies ND benefits of purchasing them. So the companies or manufacturers are able to communicate their message directly to the customers. 6. Increase employment. Advertising is a complicated task and a Ii of people are involved in the making of an advertisement. Research team, design team and many other people are required to make and deliver it. So, advertisements generate employment for a lot of people. 7. Economic progress. Advertising increases sales, employment and profits.The overall effect of all this is economic progress for the nation, or more broadly for the world as a whole. 8. Religious and moral benefits. Social and religious institutions use advertising for communicating their messages like messages of patriotism, faith, compassion tolerance, and charity toward needy, messages related to health and education. These educate people and guide better behavior. Advertising through every medium offers some or the other benefits. But nowadays the most popular medium of advertisement is through television. Although the cost of advertising is quite high but the benefits in the long run balance the high Cost associate to it. So, companies should concentrate on advertising as an important medium toSix Elements of a Successful Advertising Six Elements of a Successful Advertising Campaign If you are new to advertising or if youre using media or publications you haven t tried before, its important to assign your ads to outside specialists rather than try to create them yourself. These specialists may be the creative group at an advertising agency, a freelance writer and designer, or the ad depart ment of the newspaper, magazine, TV channel, or radio station where you plan to advertise. Such people are experienced in translating information about a product or service, target market, U. S. P. And goals into advertising that suits each medium and conveys an effective image and sales message.Moreover, its extremely helpful to work with and learn from specialists for several years before you consider doing advertising in-house. Whether you work with specialists or create advertising on your own, here are six guidelines to follow in developing an ad program: * Do your homework. Start compiling your own ad file. Collect ads you like as well as competitors ads to give you ideas. Read books on advertising, including anthologies of the best ads of the year and how-tots by advertising great Sell the sizzle, not the steak. The old rule about selling products based on the benefits and excitement they provide has proved true time and time again, so focus on your U. S. P. ND on those intangibles that motivate human behavior and generate sales. * Stick to your own image and personality. Stay with the basics of who you are. Make sure that the personality and image projected in your advertising ring true. * Work as a team with your ad rep or ad agency. The best advertising results from a synergy of your expertise in your business and your ad specialists expertise in advertising. Carefully explain your product, market, and goals, and let the ad people go from there to develop their ideas. Advertising is a give-and-take process, and both sides need to communicate and work together without dictating until the outcome feels right. * Give each advertising medium you choose a fair test. Advertising rarely brings sales overnight. Run your ad at least five times-or at least two months in weekly publications-to test the market properly. Often, consumers need to get used to seeing your ad before theyll act on it. Results take time. * Dont overlook current customers. Nobody sells you better than a satisfied customer, so in your efforts to gain sales from new prospects, remember that you can build sales equally well through customer referrals and repeat purchases of existing clientele. Maintain a mailing list and, at your earliest opportunity, start producing sale notices, newsletters, catalogs, or other goodwill and sales-generating materials for current customers. Some of these items lend themselves to a direct mail campaign targeted at new prospects as well. * Slogans, Logo Type And Signature most companies have used slogans for several years and the slogans have become a symbol of identification for the company. He display of the company name, seal or trademark is called a logotype and is a common part of most advertisements. For example, Monika uses connection people. The next time element of advertising it illustration. Illustration means a picture used to increase the effect of a copy of an advertising. Sometimes a picture or pictures are used in place of copy. A picture is worth a thousand words. N illustration, therefore, means a picture are used in an advertisement to tell the prospects the message of an advertisement. The presence or absence of a picture is an advertisement can cause marked difference in its effectiveness tit the help of Illustration over-emphasis in the can be avoided and display appeal can be made clear and direct. The inadequacy of language is compensated for with the use of an illustration. For example, the latest ad of Maul, which uses an illustration. MARKETING ROLE OF ADVERTISING The systematic planning, implementation and control Of a mix Of business activities intended to bring together buyers and sellers for the mutually advantageous exchange or transfer of products.After reading both of the definitions it is easy to understand how the difference can be confusing to the mint that people think of them as one-in-the same, so lets break it down a bit. Advertising is a single component of the marketing process. Its the part that involves getting the word out concerning your business, product, or the services you are offering. It involves the process of developing strategies such as ad placement, frequency, etc. Advertising includes the placement of an ad in such mediums as newspapers, direct mail, billboards, television, radio, and of course the Internet. Advertising is the largest expense of most marketing plans, with public relations following in a close second and market research to falling far behind.The best way to distinguish between advertising and marketing is to think of marketing as a pie, inside that pie you have slices of advertising, market research, media planning, public relations, product pricing, distribution, customer support, sales strategy, and community involvement. Advertising only equals one piece of the pie in the strategy. All of these elements must not only work independently but they also must work together towards the bigger goal. Marketing is a process that takes time and can involve hours of research for a marketing plan to be effective. Think Of marketing as everything that an organ action does to facilitate an exchange between company and consumer. IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISEMENT Advertising is an important aspect of promoting almost any product, service or brand.Most of the dictionaries also refer to advertising as, * an activity that involves the public promotion of goods and services, or a brand or a company or an establishment * a business of drawing public attention to goods and services and their merits * a process that calls attention to a pa reticular good or service * a process that makes publicity for a said subject such as a good, service, product, brand, person, establishment, company or firm) Thus, from the above definition it can be concluded that advertising is a task that involves m aking the public aware and conscious about the subject that is being advertised. Neo-classical economists and modern economists often criticize advertising by calling in a profession that creates awareness about a product in the consumers brain, which eventually leads to a craving to own that product. This continual process that is bought about by advertising eventually leads to increasing demand and eventual scarcity of resources. Moving on to importance of advertising Why is Advertising Important? The aim of any business is to maximize the sales of that business. This minimization results into a lot of revenue and profits for the company. Advertising ensures that the sales of the business increase.The second importance is that the product which is sold under the banner of a specific brand also becomes a household name. For example, Coke or coca- cola is a house hold brand name. Same is the case of Pepsi. Such popular brand names have huge customer base that is loyal to the brand and continues to purchase the product for a prolonged time period. Such a customer base also introduces the product and brand to many other people. Creation of awareness is the primary objective of any advertisement. Thus, when any product is advertised, people become aware about its existence and as mentioned above, a need and craving to purchase and own the commodity.Importance of Advertising in Business From the business point of view, advertising not just optimizes sales and product promotion but the goodwill of the specific brand that is earned is an important asset. A well known brand not only has a good customer base but it is a great ground to introduce new products under the same banner. In such a case, there is a very high probability that people are going to purchase the new product out of curiosity. It is often said that reputation gained and maintained due to advertising helps out the business through out the life time. The logic behind that is simple. When advertising creates awareness, people know about the product and when they known about the product, they pay attention to its newer advertisements and the probability that the person will buy the product will increase.

The Yellow Wallpaper

Introduction The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman that explains the sad story of a woman suffering from acute postpartum depression. Written during the dying years of the 19th century, The Yellow Wallpaper is characteristic of the mental and emotional treatment that women were subjected to during this period. Indeed, Gilman uses this short story as her â€Å"reaction† to this sort of treatment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given the weight that Gilman gives The Yellow Wallpaper and considering her own life, one would be tempted to conclude that she was indeed using the story as a reference to her life. Through reading the story, one is able to see a clear desire for the women in this period to entangle themselves from domination. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, there is a clear theme of domination of wom en and the society seems to be unanimous in support of it. From the surface, the story seems to be addressing the narrator’s sickness but a deeper analysis reveals that it is indeed talking of the condition of the women folk in general. In fact, the society seems to have assigned roles for women, which they are supposed to adhere to. In the story, John is used symbolically to represent the male folk while the narrator represents the women. Throughout the story, the narrator together with the rest of the women trapped in the wallpaper are desperately trying to break loose from the function that the society has assigned for them. Although these women are trying as hard as they can, their courage always seems to fail them especially at night when their husbands and the rest of the family are at home. However, their courage finally gives way and this is why John who is used to represent men faints upon realizing that his wife has finally broken free from his control. Although thi s observation is debatable, there is clear evidence from the story to prove this point. Right from the start, there seems to be specific duties that wives and mothers have to fulfill. These duties seem to have been so oppressive such that the women tend to get depressed after giving birth to their first child. This depression leads them to take the rest cure during which time they are supposed to do nothing but to eat and remain in seclusion. The rest is so extreme such that one is even forbidden from writing anything since this would be tantamount to overworking their brains something that would hinder their recovery. This is despite the fact that the narrator knows that â€Å"congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good.† (Gilman)Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the oppression of women seems to have been so great such that John and the narra tor’s brother who are both physicians believe that the narrator is not sick despite her thinking otherwise. This happens despite the fact that they both love the narrator dearly. What is surprising is that despite this form of medication, the narrator does not seem to get any better. In fact, she wishes that she could get well faster just to escape this form of regimen. It is obvious that the narrator views the treatment as an unnecessary interruption in her life that should not have occurred in the first place. Despite this, she is aware of the repercussions that could possibly follow her refusal to adhere to the terms of the medication. Instead of looking in to the reasons why her recovery is slow, John believes that her wife is to blame something that seems to scare the narrator a great deal. This is seen when she says, â€Å"If I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall.† (Gilman) Although we are not told what kind of a place Weir M itchell was, there is no doubt that it was a place that instilled fear on the narrator and this makes us to wonder what kind of an husband would want to take his wife in such a place. In fact, Gilman seems to have put this statement for effect just to show us the extreme end that these men were willing to go to keep their women under control. Although the couple rents a colonial mansion for the wife to recuperate, it is ironical how she is not allowed any say in the matter. Throughout the story, John seems to know what is best for his wife and he does not accept her output in the matter. Of all the things, the husband does not even allow her to choose her bedroom from the many rooms but instead he forces her to occupy the room with the ugly wallpaper. The narrator wants to do so many things but as it was characteristic in that period, the marriage institution that she is committed to compromises her freedom and happiness. In addition to the bedroom containing the ugly wallpaper, the room has no windows and even the bed is bolted to prevent her from moving it to any other position. This is a clear sign of control and domination by the husband. By analyzing the lives of the women behind the wallpaper, it is obvious that they are trying to look for their freedom. On her part, the narrator is looking for freedom from her husband and the rest cure that she has been subjected to. Throughout the story, the narrator tries hard to free women from the gender bias that had seeped in the society. However, this is not easy because just like the wallpaper these societal changes had become â€Å"ridged and yellow with age.† (Gilman)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite John’s domination, the narrator slowly begins to take control of her life. Although she had loathed the yellow wallpaper at first, she begins gaining some mental streng th just by watching it. As her mind begins to churn, she forces herself to think and this is something that her husband does not like. Deep down her heart, she knows that her husband does not necessarily know everything but she does not say anything for fear of reprisals. Although John has told her not to bother herself with anything, she begins analyzing the wallpaper and that is when she notices the figure of women trying to free themselves. For once, the narrator feels that she knows something that her husband or any other person for that matter does not have an idea about. This is presented when she says, â€Å"there are things in that paper that nobody knows but me.† For once, the narrator is elated since she feels that she possesses first hand knowledge that is not yet evident to her husband. For once in her life, she seems to have concluded that she has a functional mind that is entirely hers and one that she can use as she wills. Even to John, her wife is like a myste ry that he is unable to solve and that is why he keeps he locked in the bedroom just to keep her under control. However, what he fails to realize is that by doing so he is actually helping her to solve her own mystery. As the story nears climax, John seems bewildered and he even seems to be noticing a change of attitude on the narrator. In fact, he commends her for putting an effort to get better but she knows that she is getting well for other reasons. Although he does not admit it, John has realized that the wallpaper is a representation of his wife and that is why he reprimands her wherever he catches her staring at it. Just with a day to go before they leave the house, the narrator masters her courage and tears down the wallpaper. The narrator’s feelings of freedom peak when she manages to pull down the yellow wallpaper from the walls where it had hanged for many years. In order to accomplish this, she uses much will power and patience but she finally manages to get the w ork done. She is convinced that John would reprimand her for tearing down the wallpaper but for once, she is not bothered. To her, taking control of anything even if it is the â€Å"odious wallpaper† is better than just sitting and doing nothing. Indeed, tearing down the wallpaper seems to only be the first step toward her freedom. To her, she seems to have concluded that her life was in her own hands and not on Johns or any other male for that matter. Within a short time, she seems to have developed mentally as a woman. The narrator’s final victory comes when John arrives home and realizes what she has done. To begin with, he is shocked when he realizes that she has locked the door something that she had never done before. However, the climax arrives when he enters the room and realizes that she has torn down the wallpaper. There is no doubt in John’s mind that his wife has finally developed mentally and regained the freedom that he had for so long denied her. In fact, the shock is so much for John such that he faints.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proof that the narrator has gained mental control comes shortly after when she says that â€Å"now why should that man have fainted? But he did, and right across my path by the wall so that I had to creep over him every time.† (Gilman) At this point, she is not perturbed by what he thinks and his fainting does not even surprise her. To her, tearing the wallpaper out of the walls is a sign of showing that she is willing to take matters into her own hands and this is what scares the husband and makes him faint. Conclusion The Yellow Wallpaper is a clear representation of life in the 19th century. During this period, women seem to have been under male domination and the society seems to have accepted this fact. Throughout the story, the narrator seems to be fighting to get a voice of her own. However, her husband decides that he knows what is best for her and he does not even give her the freedom of choosing what she wants. Instead, he embarks on making all the decisions for her even on matters that directly affect her well-being. At the end of the story, the narrator regains control of her life and this scares her husband to a point where he even faints. Works Cited Gilman Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper, 1899. Web. http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/home This essay on The Yellow Wallpaper was written and submitted by user Cerise to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Yellow Wallpaper The point of view adopted by the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman in The Yellow Wallpaper is first person. The narrator is a new mother, living temporarily in a house of unaccustomed lavishness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She and her family come there to help her recuperate from a mysterious ailment, perhaps postpartum depression. This ailment seems to be both mental and physical because she gets so tired. She disagrees with her husband’s and brother’s handling of her health. Since she is nearly entirely hallucinatory by the story’s end, the reader is led to suspect the accuracy of her narrative. However, her perception of her own feelings is quite lucid. Thus, she is both reliable and unreliable as a narrator. The point of view of someone undergoing mental breakdown is ambiguous, and forces the reader to constantly question the facts while acknowledging her probable accuracy and insights about herself. The reader meets the narrator while she speculates about the house that her husband has rented. She demonstrates an active, inquiring mind as she wonders why the rent was so cheap (Gilman). She would like to believe that there is something otherworldly about the house and grounds, but she accepts that there was some sort of estate difficulty, which she readily accedes, â€Å"spoils my ghostliness† (Gilman). This willingness to relinquish her own fanciful interpretation shows that she has a vivid imagination, but retains her good sense. Thus, at least at the outset, she is entirely able to distinguish fact from fiction. She retains her sense of â€Å"something strange about the house† (Gilman), showing that she has a mind of her own. Indeed, much is strange about her situation, in that she is being shut away from company, including her own baby, in a room with barred windows, â€Å"rings and thingsâ €  set into the wall, a nailed-down bed, and a â€Å"gate at the head of the stairs† all suggesting mental asylum. Furthermore, whoever was immured in her room was so distraught that they tore off the wallpaper, and even did so when, the reader infers, confined to the bed or shackled to the wall (Gilman). Thus, her perception is partially valid. These initial impressions show her to be an acute, if naà ¯ve, observer and in touch with reality.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As she lives for days and weeks in this room, her objections to her treatment increase, but she is still largely in touch with reality. However, her observations of her surroundings begin, increasingly, to conflict with others’. John insists that the people she is seeing out the window do not exist (Gilman). She is beginning to personify the wallpaper in her own musings. She compares thi s to her childhood imaginings that her nursery furnishings came alive. She remembers the â€Å"kindly wink† from her bureau knobs (Gilman). The narrator also begins to hide her activities, for example, her writing, from her family, especially her sister-in-law. She distinguishes herself, as an aspiring writer, from Jane, who aspires only to housekeeping. (Gilman). Thus, while the reader begins to question her perceptions because they are drifting away from realty, she remains insightful about her relations with those around her, and about herself. Her characterization of John’s sister is acute, and she is accurate in her observation of her own tendency to â€Å"cry at nothing and cry most of the time† (Gilman). After the Fourth of July holiday, her obsession with the wallpaper begins to signal her retreat away from the concrete world, and her increasing unreliability as a reporter of fact. She says of the wallpaper, â€Å"It dwells on my mind so†, and rec ounts how she visually follows the pattern by the hour (Gilman). However, she continues to be alert to her own condition of mind, recounting how she tries to convince John that she should make a visit, but despairing that â€Å"I was crying before I finished†, and cannot â€Å"think straight† (Gilman). As she begins to see a woman’s figure in the wallpaper, it seems as though she is trying to broach the topic of her near-hallucinations with her husband. She agrees that she is, â€Å"Better in body, perhaps, -â€Å"(Gilman). The reader can infer that she would have said that her mind was deteriorating, but her solicitous husband stops her with a look (Gilman). Shortly thereafter, she says, â€Å"I always lock the door when I creep by daylight† (Gilman), but does not connect this consciously with what Jennie calls â€Å"yellow smooches† on her clothes (Gilman). Thus, while interacting unconsciously with the hallucinated female behind the wallpaper, and experiencing an apparent olfactory hallucination (Gilman), she also comments with clarity on her mental state. As her condition deteriorates, and she begins to strip the wallpaper to release the imaginary woman, her hallucinations take over. However, she still retains her observant eye for the behavior of others, for example, commenting on the â€Å"professional questions† John asks Jennie about her (Gilman).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To nearly the end, she is lucid about people’s roles in her life. She fully acknowledges that she is the one doing the creeping only at the very last, finally identifying herself with the woman behind the wallpaper, â€Å"out in this great room† (Gilman). It is only when her husband faints in shock that she calls him the anonymous â€Å"that man†, not ‘John’. She now seems full y disconnected from her former reality. By using a strict first person point of view, Gilman keeps us guessing until the very end. The author uses this to make sure that the reader continues to believe the truth of the narrator’s emotional state, as she sees it herself, while the tangible facts of her life disintegrate. The narrator may become mad, by the world’s standards, but she is always on target about what she feels. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Unknown. Unknown. Unknown: Unknown, Unknown. Unknown. Print. This essay on The Yellow Wallpaper was written and submitted by user Anders Obrien to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins, the author of The Yellow Wallpaper, spent most of her time advocating for women rights. She wanted equal representation in every aspect: socially, economically and politically. Her utmost focus was in the inequality established after marriage.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She argued that women obligation to remain in the house while their husbands went to work was unfair and, asserting that it barred women from utilizing their knowledge and intelligence. She proceeded to explain that the fact that women stayed at home the same way as servants could not make anyone happy. Unless she got her freedom, nothing in the house would run smoothly. The ideology of true womanhood made women suffer in silence; however, it was phased out for the new womanhood. Gilman tries to show how men dominate the marriage institution, but in the end, w hat is displayed is the ways women are weak and let men control them. In my opinion, the owner displays her inabilities throughout the text; it is not a matter of whatever she is going through. She further claims how the man influences her decisions and, that whatever man says she has to listen notwithstanding its validity. This displays her inabilities as a woman giving the man more power and control. The narrator seems to have conflicts with her inner self; she thinks that women should be given an option to make decisions in the family and assumes her role as a true woman. The woman in this narration has allowed herself to be controlled and not by man alone. She has failed to recognize that she is the driver of her own life and blame should not be put on man. Although the man tries to control her as it is traditionally, the woman has to take it as her responsibility to control herself. The major conflict in the narration comes about when the doctor, who is also the narratorsâ€⠄¢ husband, struggles with her over the nature of her illness, which she believed resulted from her struggle with dissimilarity in their marriage institution. As a result, she terribly desires to express herself and make her complains known to the husband (Gilman, 6). The narrator tries to express her views on what she wants to do while she is sick, but her husband insists that she must get enough rest. This brings the point of conflict between the narrator and her doctor partner. John does not believe in her wife’s creativity, and that is why he does not allow her to use her talent. It seems like he is forcing her to quit writing and focus on being a wife and a mother.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, she is not able to work her creativity and ends up drawing the wallpaper that represents a depressed woman (Gilman, 15-20). Still the husband canno t believe her capability, resulting in the conflict. It shows how sometimes men can be disobliging to their wives and how they may lower their self-worth. The narration is a display of the prison nature of marriages established by men. Marriages have locked up women from pursuing their dreams and made them useless to the community at large. Men view their wives as unimportant, just as John did to his partner, making them have no other means of escaping their roles as mothers and wives. John is simply a reflection of the society and the marriage institution. The story illustrates the effects of confinement on the narrators’ depression problem. Work Cited Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1973. South Carolina: Forgotten Books. pp 1-63. Print. This critical writing on The Yellow Wallpaper was written and submitted by user Annie Donovan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health

Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health Introduction Health initiative programs are global phenomena. They are as old as humankind. Continued government support has shown that alls of health promotion initiatives include Michelle Obama’s Lets Move program in America, Living Longer Living Better initiative, and Headspace initiative. The last two are in Australia. Let’s Move Health Initiative Obesity in America is an old problem. Thirty three percent of American children are overweight or obese. The condition leads to complications like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (Batan, Li Scanlon 2010). Almost forty percent African American and Hispanic children are affected by the problem. The First Lady, Michelle Obama, is determined to solve the obesity problem in America. To this end, she launched the â€Å"Let’s Move† campaign. A letter was written to President Obama by Melody Barnes on behalf of the White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity. The letter detailed an action plan to solve the obesity problem. It led to the launch of Michelle Obama’s initiative (Batan et al. 2010). Priority areas were identified by the task force. The areas include empowering parents and guardians, as well as providing the children with healthy food in schools. In addition, the task force recognised the importance of enhancing access to healthy foods in the country. Finally, the task force advised for the promotion of physical activity in school (Batan et al. 2010). The task force spent three months reviewing available research. More than 2500 people were interviewed by the task force. Twelve federal agencies supported the ideas of Lets Move program. Today, the initiative is one of the most comprehensive and well-funded programs that are effectively addressing the age old problem of obesity. By merging all-inclusive strategies and common sense, Michelle Obama is helping to raise future healthy children. Obesity is a condition where the body has excess fat. It is represented in terms of body mass index [BMI] (Chung et al. 2008). Grown-ups whose BMI is between 25 and 29 are regarded as unhealthy. Individuals whose ratio goes beyond 30 are regarded as obese (Nestle 2010).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In children, BMI varies with gender and age. Children with a BMI greater than 95 percentile on the sex-and-age growth chart are regarded as obese. The condition increases the risk of contracting diseases like diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and heart conditions (Chung et al. 2008). Children with obesity tend to develop into obese adults. Pregnant women who use tobacco products or who are overweight are likely to give birth to obese children (Nestle 2010). In addition, women who are diabetic are at risk of giving birth to obese children. Let’s Move initiative recognises that no single action can reverse childhood obesity. The initiative ad opts some important approaches, which include improving eating habits and increasing physical activities among children. It also advocates for control of tobacco consumption. The initiative identifies material incentives as major risk factors that contribute to obesity. Some of these incentives include the cost of food and social norms. Others include nutritional and physical activities among peers and family members. The surrounding environment, such as availability of playground or fast food stores, is another contributing factor (Chung et al. 2008). The program advocates for the provision of information to parents and caregivers to help them provide nutritious foods to children. Let’s Move advocates for the elimination of â€Å"food and play ground deserts† (Chung et al. 2008, p. 34). The First Lady’s initiative advocates for more opportunities to engage children in physical activity. One of the findings made in the program is that physically active children have improved motor skills. Such skills are necessary for children to attain developmental milestones (Nestle 2010). Michelle Obama’s initiative targets the participation of every person in the society. Parents, healthcare personnel, government officials, and caregivers participate in the initiative. States have formulated policies regarding activity and provider training. Portable and fixed play equipments are a common sight in schools. The program has influenced the amount of physical activity children engage in while in school (Nestle 2010). Research by Nestle (2010) shows that public programs like Lets Move greatly improve the nutritional value of the food given to children. Children in early childhood care centre are also healthier. Pupils under the Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) eat healthier food compared to those who bring meals to school. Let’s Move program has taken the lead in providing healthier foods and implementing evidence-based activities. The activit ies promote healthy eating and encourage â€Å"developmentally-appropriate† physical activities (Chung et al. 2008, p. 23).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As ambitious as it looks, Let’s Move has not performed very well. The number of children meeting the guidelines for physical activity is not clear. Surveys show that only high school students follow the physical activity guidelines. Another setback is the recommendation by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Children under two years are not allowed to view television. In addition, those over two years must limit their television exposure to two hours (Wisdom et al. 2010). However, in spite of this initiative, 44% of children below two years watch television daily (Wisdom et al. 2010, p. 12). The negative impacts that obesity has on public health and the econo my justify Let’s Move initiative by Michelle Obama. Research findings show that obesity affects the lifestyle of a given population. Let’s Move is a successful public health initiative. Its ability to institute various programs and attract the support of players from different sectors of the community is laudable. Living Longer Living Better Initiative The gradual increase of the ageing population in Australia is a phenomenon that has greatly affected social balance. The scenario demands for shift in society’s beliefs about the old people (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012a). Man has fought so hard over the centuries to increase his life span. Australians are now enjoying an extended period of healthy existence (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Older people in Australians still have the energy, knowledge, insight, and experience to contribute to the development of the country. Their contribution in the fields of business, education, and communal partici pation is of great importance to the entire country. Their contribution calls for creative ways of encouraging and supporting them. Old age does not diminish dreams and aspirations (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b). The government has found it necessary to initiate programs that take care of the changing needs of the ageing population. Such initiatives include the Living Longer Living Better program (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Living Longer Living Better is an amalgamation of different packages that help improve the living standards of the older generation. In this program, the government aims to build â€Å"nationally consistent aged care programs† (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, par. 16). The initiative has provided a total of four billion dollars over the last five years (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Out of the total allocation, 995 million dollars was set aside to help the aged to stay at home. The money was used to finance the acquisition of new homecare packages. The initiative regulates arrangements for home care packages for the aged (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Another allocation includes the 54 million dollars set aside to help support the aged in their careers (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c). Seven hundred million dollars was used to deliver better housing facilities for the aged population in the country. 1.2 billion dollars was used to support the working class among the old age population. The remaining part of the allocation went to consumer support and research. The aim was to empower the aged through advocacy and networking. The project has improved the living standards of the older population in Australia. It is a public health initiative since it addresses both psychological and sociological needs. The initiative has direct impacts on the healt h status of an individual. Majority of senior citizens in the country prefer to spend their last days at home. By 2015, the initiative aims to introduce a number of programs with the help of government. One of them is the Commonwealth Home Support Program (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d). One of the demerits of the Living Longer Living Better initiative is high taxation rate on the entire population. Current exemptions with regards to accommodation payments among the aged are a burden to the tax payers. In conclusion, Living Longer Living Better initiative has shown that old age programs are critical in tackling health issues that are important and sensible to the aged. The initiative focuses more on the health of the aged, largely because of the high mortality rate among the group and huge medical bills incurred by them (Kumanan Keelan 2009). The welfare of the aged has improved greatly in the last twenty years as a result of the initiative. Headspace Initiative in Australi a Headspace is an initiative of the National Youth Mental Health Foundation. It was launched in 2006 (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing [AGDHA] 2007). It is part of the Australian government’s obligation to the Youth Mental Health Initiative (AGDHA 2007). The main aim of the initiative is to promote and expand access to mental health services. It also aims at improving social and economic security among the youth. The initiative targets those aged between 12 and 25 (Hardey 2008). Headspace provides holistic services via Communities of Youth Services [CYS] (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). It creates community awareness as far as young people suffering from mental complications are concerned (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). One of the components of the initiative that helps it achieve its mandate includes the Headspace National Office (HNO). It is a research and information dissemination arm of the organisation. An independent evaluation of Hea dspace was conducted in 2008 by the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC). The centre rated the program positively. A longitudinal evaluation, which included a mixed methods research, was conducted. The evaluation made use of qualitative and quantitative data from different sources. Headspace has continued to provide mental health services to young people in the country. Some of the positive impacts of the program include improved governance of clinical services to the youth. It has come up with effective mental health policies and procedures (BeyondBlue 2006, par. 4). To ensure that the program achieves the envisaged objectives, those tasked with the responsibility of implementing the Headspace initiative have come up with a number of strategies (Wisdom et al. 2010). The program has come up with campaigns aimed at increasing community awareness. The management has also introduced youth-friendly services and centres accessible to the youth. The initiative has increased the number of young people seeking and accessing mental health services in the country. Current research shows that the program has provided services to more than fourteen thousand young people. An evaluation of Headspace program unearthed some limitations and recommended that the period of setting up centres be increased to twelve months. The duration would allow enough time to recruit qualified members of staff, as well as refine policies and procedures (BeyondBlue 2006). Another limitation identified involves the number of times that one can access psychiatric services. Psychiatric services should be increased to improve the mental health of young people in Australia. It is evident that Headspace has managed to achieve its objectives of addressing the mental health issues among the youth. The initiation of similar programs will go a long way in improving mental health among the Australian population. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Mental health in Australia: a snapshot, 2004- 05, abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/mf/4824.0.55.001. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Survey of disability, ageing and carers, Australia 2009, http://carersaustralia.com.au/storage/Economic-Value-Informal-Care-Oct-2010.pdf. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012a, Caring for children: gender indicators, Australia, abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/Lookup/by+Subject/4125.0~Jan+2012~Main+Features~Caring+for+children~4120. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b, Labour force status by sex 15-64 years, abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/DetailsPage/6202.0Jun%202012. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, Labour force status aged 15 years and over, abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/DetailsPage543/6202.0Jun%202012?. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d, Caring in the community, Australia, abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/cat/4436.0. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing 2007, National mental health report 2007, Sidney, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Batan, M, Li, R, Scanlon, K 2010. Is child care providers’ support for breastfeeding associated with breastfeeding duration?, American Public Health Association, New York. BeyondBlue 2006, BeyondBlue: about us, beyondblue.org.au/about-us. Chung, M, Raman, G, Trikalinos, T, Lau, J, Ip, S 2008, ‘Interventions in primary care to promote breastfeeding: an evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 149 no. 8, pp. 565-82. Garrett, L 2007, ‘The challenge of global health’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 86 no. 1, pp. 14-38. Hardey, M 2008, ‘Public health and Web 2.0’, Perspectives in Public Health, vol. 128 no. 4, pp. 181-189. Kumanan, W Keelan, J 2009, ‘Coping with public health 2.0’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 180 no. 10, p. 1080. Nestle, M 2010, Health care reform in action: calorie labelling goes national, NEJM.org. Wisdom, J, Downs, J, Loewen stein, G 2010, ‘Promoting healthy choices: information versus convenience’, Applied Economics, vol. 2, pp. 164–178.

Improve your energy levels to work your best

Improve your energy levels to work your best The grind of wake-work-sleep-repeat five times a week is enough to make anyone tired. Fold in family obligations, housework, and, you know, the occasional night out of fun, and it’s no wonder that most of us are exhausted by 2 p.m. every day. If you want to feel better so you can work better, you don’t have to make huge life changes in order to see results. Start small with the following tips and fold them into your life  bit by bit. If you’re diligent about changing your ways, your physical and mental energy are sure to see a boost.Eat good, whole foods.Whole grains, protein, and fruit are great ways to keep your brain and body going, even if you’re not feeling at your perkiest. Try oatmeal with a banana or berries and a sprinkling of nuts for breakfast instead of that muffin or bagel. (Keep a canister at work.) Store healthy snacks in your desk or in the common fridge so you have good options when you’re flagging and need an energy or blood suga r boost- try almonds, or carrots and hummus, or plain popcorn. If you’re prepared when hunger strikes, you won’t go searching for the first vending machine you can find. And don’t forget to hydrate! Keep a refillable bottle by your desk to fill with water and mug for green tea, which is less dehydrating and much healthier than coffee.Get enough sleep.â€Å"Enough sleep† will differ from person to person. According to the National Sleep Foundation, adults need 7-9 hours. Of course, this is just an average, and you know your body best. For you, a restful sleep might mean 8 hours, or it might mean 5. If you’re exhausted every day, chances are you need to increase your sleep time. Try adding 30 minutes every day and taking note of how you feel the next work day. Once you start to feel more rested, you likely have found a sweet spot.The issue for most working adults is finding the time at the end of the day to wind down and actually fall asleep at a rea sonable hour. If you establish a bedtime routine and turn off electronics in the hour leading up to your bedtime, sleep will come easier to you. Adding in exercise a few days a week can only help. Finally, it’s not the best idea to consume caffeine after lunch, so watch your coffee and soda consumption.Move around.If you’re drooping mid-day, move your body to wake it up. Are you able to get out for a lunch break? If so, take advantage- even a 20 minute daily walk in fresh air will do wonders for your energy levels and your morale. Can you make it to the gym, do a quick workout video, or go for a jog at least 3 times a week? Even better. If you just don’t have the time, take 15 minutes at home (in front of the T.V. will do!) to stretch your body every night. Anything to get the blood moving will make you feel and perform better at work.Check your vices.Smoking and drinking alcohol might feel like crutches that you desperately need to keep functioning, but both ca n have an adverse affect on both your energy and your health. If you don’t want to cut them out, at least aim to cut back.Make a workday soundtrack.This one is fun: If you’re allowed to play music out loud or listen to headphones while you work, take advantage. Every night, take a few minutes to create a playlist of tunes that will keep you motivated throughout the next day. It’s harder to doze off when you’re (silently) singing along to your favorites. When a long day stretches ahead of you, a curated music list is a small pleasure you can anticipate.

Content Calendar for Breath Mat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Content Calendar for Breath Mat - Assignment Example Make the content of the product pages more detailed with information about features and unique quality of the product including the advantages. Ensure the product appears in many different images, allowing the customer to easily view every aspect of the product satisfactorily. Update constantly the site’s content. Create a simple to understand, but detailed information about shopping, returns, shipping, etc. Also includes the use of sounds on videos on the site and create content that builds more trust in the company in terms of helping the customer. Ensure that the images can be viewed from different angles with minimal clicks as possible to enhance the efficiency of the website.[Appendix 1-3] Improved the web-site’s layout and design by making it more appealing and friendly by using impressionable colors such as cream and light blue. Layout the website in a very organized manner such that user’s don’t have to necessarily use the search function to look up anything-though it allows users to look up anything.[Appendix 2-2] Create a simple to use website allowing customers to easily interact and locate the right page or the site of interest. In addition, have an optimal search function for complex searches. Also creating simple headings Use product differentiators such as colors and headings for better emphasis thus consolidating the brand image and the company’s uniqueness, Organize fonts and sub-titles in a simple yet elegant manner by employing bright and impressive color scheme e.g. maroon tiles with black. Breath mat is a product that allows yogis to focus on their practice without having to suffer the distractions of sticky mat and towel. Because the Breath mat for Bikram yoga offers the solution to sticky mats and towels that can’t adequately absorb sweat and pool liquid on the floor beside bunching-up during postures and be uncomfortable to lie on.

Teenagers and pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Teenagers and pregnancy - Research Paper Example As one of Faulkner’s most highly regarded works, the novel has the ability to incite an understanding in the reader’s mind that goes beyond the existence of our lives at face-value; it questions one’s thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values and perception even to the brink of questioning the meaning of existence. Unlike other literary pieces penned down by Faulker, As I Lay Dying is not an abstract or complex plot, which suggests the author’s creation of mind during the writing process. Cited time and time again by literature instructors and students worldwide is the one famous fact associated with the novel which also provides an ample insight into the author’s imagination – the novel took only six weeks to complete and William Faulker did not even change one single word of the manuscript upon completion. The author famously talked about how he felt completely in control of Bundrens’ lives when he penned down every agony that they were to su ffer, the novel is one-of-kind in the sense that it is one of those rare, magical and incredible instances when one experiences those rare bouts that mislead person to believe that they are masters of their own destiny, thankfully for Faulkner, this period of intense activity was translated into a prolific and fine literary specimen. Quite straightforward however, and rightfully so, As I Lay Dying is also a journey as much as it is an awakening, the journey that leads to the family’s arrival Jefferson and the burial of Addie Bundren’s body. Analyzing as to why Faulkner preferred to select breaking down his novel into fifty-nine monologues each spoken by one of the fifteen characters of the novel can be best described as an experiment in literary technique, which to put it in modest terms proved to be quite successful. Faulkner never seeks precedence of one theme or genre throughout the novel as he always has something surprising to give, which further cements the idea that the creation of the author’s mind during the process of the development of his work was clear-cut, Faulkner never seems to get lost in the premise that this story is actually the account of the deliverance of a man’s promise to his dying wife. The forty mile journey to Jefferson is a mixture of absurdity, comedy and drama with hints of a grotesque and determined effort to make Addie’s last wish come true. The family’s capricious pursuit is augmented to the nearness of a laborious ordeal with the wide character map that the author has given birth to. More than their desire to focus on the task at hand; which is the sole purpose for the trip to the town of Jefferson, each character has its own whims and yearnings (Faulkner, Random House, 1999). In the dazing context of events, Dewey Dell, the only daughter of the family has a very inconvenient issue at an inopportune time; she is seventeen, unmarried and pregnant. The purpose of this paper is to critic ally analyze and understand the psychology of the author and the creation of his mind, while understanding how Faulkner sheds light

Dove Marketing Analysis Essay Example for Free

Dove Marketing Analysis Essay Imagine you have oversight of the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Are you comfortable with what is going on? Is this a brand that is out of control with its promotional messages? Dove released its first advertising on 1957, in which Dove called its product as cleaning cream instead of soap. After that, Dove launched some advertising to emphasized on its functional feature. In 2000, Dove became a Masterbrand of Unilever. In other words, it had to establish a meaning for Dove that could apply to and extend over the entire stable of products. In order to stand for a point of view, The Campaign for Real Beauty began to process. Then campaign focus on the self-esteem and confidence instead of appearances, it still could be include into female field. Just from external to inner, So Dove is not out of control with its promotional message. In my opinion, I am comfortable with Dove’s campaign due to the following reasons. First, Dove more concerned about women’s feeling and inner spirit. When the advertising plays too many shots on the beauty of girls, sometimes, the values and aesthetic of the society will be influence. Women and teenager girls would pay more money and time to fit their body. Therefore, Dove’s advertising will not add this misleading. Second, Dove choose YouTube and Blog as the major platform, it is a wise and trendy choice. Internet plays more and more important role in the modern life, especially the raise of the social networking. In the future, Dove has more opportunities to attract public and ahead of other companies. Third, Dove always guarantees the quality of ads. Their advertising is not a simple product promotion, but some interesting story and conversation. The products of Dove even do not need to be photographed. The consumers will remember such high-quality ad and are willing to share with others. Moreover, Dove’s Real Beauty campaign built a buzz and was widely exposed. People actively discussed the campaign through Internet and TV shows, even famous celebrities like Oprah Winfrey and Jay Leno talked about it in their TV shows. Though there were many parodies in the Internet, they were funny and generated more attentions on the brand. Last but not least, the campaign was contributed to the brand’s business growth and values. In 2006, Landor Associates identified Dove was one of the 10 brands with the greatest ercentage gain in brand health and business values. 2. Is Dove’s attempt to engender social engagement through its promotional campaigns too risky an endeavor given its lack of control over consumer parody and accusations of trying to sell under the pretense of contributing to the social good? In the business, every decision faced the profit and risk. Generally, th e greater the risks result in the greater rewards. The risks are as follow: Through the investigation, Dove found out that many women had discontent with the young, white blonde and thin models, because they could not attain that standard. Dove started the advertisement Campaign for Real Beauty, underlining their products will feel better, while other company always publicize look beautiful in the commercial. The risk is that whether or not the consumers understand and accept that change. On next stage, Dove was a very controversial event. Billboards were erected to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was outsized or outstanding. A counter showed the result. As a beauty brand, this campaign will attract public attention; simultaneously will challenge the brand cognitive. Whats more, Dove broke the traditional rule in the company and go forward without paid media at all. YouTube become the most important platform instead of television. When Dove made this decision, the risk is that maybe they will lose some traditional and classical consumers. Facing the negative responses, Dove did not ignore them, but positive embrace them. The company list both view in other medias and allow public to discuss these. They also sent interactive packages to media outlets to help spur the debate. Finally, Unilever established the global Dove Self-Esteem Fund to raise the self-esteem of girls and young women. Such activities give a support to the Real Beauty. Doves public relations channel strategy was to generate broad awareness for The Campaign for Real Beauty and establish an emotional connection with women. Therefore, a political figure or a major news organization or even a film is not as influence as an open dialogue. 3. After reviewing the blogs, what do the various discussions contribute to the meaning of the brand? There are mainly two opinions exists among the blogs. The supporters considered Dove’s Real Beauty campaign was an emotional touch from Dove to consumer. They thought the campaign has shed light on some important truths about the media’s unrealistic portrayals of women, and it’s important and necessary to send a health beauty message to the society. However, the criticisms thought that Dove is hypocritical and the campaign is just aimed to sell more products and gain more profits. The reason they thought Dove is hypocritical is because Dove comes from Unilever, which promotion young, thin and sexy woman in the Axe’s advertisements. They also criticized Dove’s advertisements had many untruthful details and inconsistent. What’s more, they thought the campaign has no major aspirational values attached to the product and was undermining the aspiration of consumers. Regardless of these different opinions towards the Real Beauty campaign, Dove’s brand name has successfully gone viral and drew a lot of attentions worldwide. People were spreading quickly the message of â€Å"Real Beauty† and they still continuously discuss it nowadays. This kind of exposure has extraordinary impact of Dove’s brand awareness and popularity. Therefore, it contributed to the brand’s long-term value and equity. Though there were many parodies exits in the Internet, for ordinary consumers, they might just remember how funny and interesting the parodies were, as well as the appealing â€Å"real beauty† messages that Dove tried to spread. It was a risk strategy for Dove, but as long as Dove manages its public relations and other advertisements carefully, consumers would still like Dove’s affordable good-quality products. The increasing sales growth of Dove could be a strong argument for it. Moreover, I think Dove was trying to be an inspirational brand to inspire positive self image among women. It successfully differentiated itself to other competitors. The Dove Self-Esteem Fund program was a plus to win over customers’ hearts. 4. Describe Dove’s brand management organization and the reason for it. Do you see any problems or issues that will result with this split-responsibility setup? In 2000, Dove was selected to be a Masterbrand and lent its name to Unilever entries in personal care categories. There are two split-responsibility groups in Dove’s brand management organization: Brand Development and Brand Building. Brand Development group charged with development of the brand, took responsibility for developing the idea behind the brand, developed the brand plan. It was accountable for medium-to long-term market share, for brand health, for measures of innovativeness, and for creating value in the category. It was centralized and global in scope. The other group Brand Building charged with building the brand in specific markets and was decentralized according to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. It was accountable for growth, profit, cash flow, and short-term market share. It managed public relations and informal communication. The pros of this split-responsibly setup brand management system are that the advertising messages could be more tailored to different markets. However, the problem might result with this split-responsibly system is the inconsistent management of the brand image. It’s a challenge for the two groups to balance between short-term values and long-term values for the brand. For example, the Brand Building group might develop an aggressive public relations strategy to generate attention in order to gain short-term market share, which might not be a smart move to build the brand’s long-term value and gain long-term market share.

Critiquing and Repairing Free Trade under NAFTA :: Global Political Politics Essays

Critiquing and Repairing Free Trade under NAFTA On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the free trade policy linking the economies of Canada, the United States, and Mexico was officially implemented. Over the past decade, the policy has evoked a firestorm of debate involving neoliberal advocates, mercantilist critics, and radical critics, all of whom analyze and critique NAFTA in an effort to determine the success of free trade. Since NAFTA policies are evaluated by political economists with differing ideologies, the success of NAFTA’s first decade remains in question. After a decade, which economists herald NAFTA as a success and who disregards it as a failure? Which set of economic and political standards should be used to evaluate free trade? And ultimately, what policies should be implemeted in NAFTA’s second decade? Since there is little agreement on the future of NAFTA, it is wise to look to the past if we are to determine where the future may lead. By understanding the conflicting arguments inherent in debate on free trade, then perhaps we can better establish priorities and suggestions for policy reform in NAFTA’s second decade. Essentially, all disagreements in political economics stem from three theoretical perspectives: neoliberalsim, mercantilism, and radicalism. The three theories emphasize divergent characteristics associated with economic vitality: neoliberals emphasize market efficiency, mercantilists defend state sovereignty, and radicals value social justice. History has taught us that these theories regularly contradict each other and ultimately result in policy conflicts evidenced by countless case studies. Free trade and economic growth is a pressing concern for political economists, suggesting that little common ground can be found among the three theories. The first of the three political economy scholars are neoliberals, who reject government intervention in the economy through protectionist policies such as tariffs, subsidies, and quotas; rather, their focus is on overall economic growth as evidenced by increases in gross domestic product. Neoliberal advocates expected NAFTA to produce an increase in exports of goods and services, create additional jobs, expand foreign investment, and spur overall economic growth. These four expectations of free trade policy serve as a means of evaluation for neoliberals. Neoliberal standards of success are easy to understand: if NAFTA has produced more goods, jobs, investment, and overall profits, then NAFTA should be heralded as a success.

The Pattern Of Development In The First Three Years Of Life

From birth to the age of 3 children progress greatly, considering they are born with only simple reflexes and are helpless and dependent on adults to feed and care for them. At birth babies are born with many actions that are done without thinking, these are called reflexes, and many of these reflexes are carried out in order to survive. To ensure a baby can feed they have a swallowing and sucking reflex. To help a baby find food they move their head to look for a nipple or teat if their cheek or mouth is touched this is called rooting.Babies have a grasping reflex by where they will automatically grab whatever is placed in their hand if it touches their palm. If there is a loud sound or bright light babies will perform their startle reflex, they will raise their arms and clench their fists. If a baby is held with their feet touching a hard surface they will perform the walking and standing reflex by making stepping movements. At 1 month babies change a great deal, they begin to sett le into a pattern and still sleep a lot of the time but they will gradually begin to stay awake for longer periods.They cry to communicate their needs and may vary their cry dependant on a particular need. At this age babies are also learning about their parents or carers and may stop when they hear their voice, they coo when they are content. They can focus at a distance of around 20 -30 cm but try to focus on the face of who is holding them. While asleep they smile fleetingly, this is usually done when they are content. At 3 months they have grown a lot in both height and weight. Some babies may now know the difference between day and night and are able to sleep through the night.They are now able to lift and turn their head and begin to notice mobiles and other objects that are around them. They are now more alert and sleep less during the day. They now know their parents voice and smile quite a lot, especially when they see a smiling face. At 6 months babies have learnt many new skills. They are very alert and will move their head to see what is happening around them. When playing with their parent or carer they will smile and squeal to express their enjoyment. They can now focus on objects and toys and explore them by using their mouth and fingers.Babies start to show that they understand a little of what is been said to them and lift arms to show that they want to be picked up. They are beginning to try and feed themselves by grabbing the spoon and should be enjoying their food. Teeth are now beginning to come through which can be painful at times. By this age babies are getting stronger and should be able to sit with support and should be able to roll over form their back to their fronts. They should now be settled into a routine and will nap and play throughout the day.At 9 months babies should now be crawling or finding other ways of getting around, they will sit and spend a lot of time playing and exploring their surroundings, babies can now pick up and handle things and begin to feed using their fingers. Their language should now be developing; their babbling is now more tuneful and long strings of sounds are put together. They can now understand some simple words such as drink or bath and may get excited when they hear them. At around 8 months they may cry when they are left with a stranger and will try their hardest to be with their parents.Around this age babies will now understand that objects and people around them do not disappear but continue to exist when they can no longer see them. This development is important and explains why at around his age babies protest and become distressed about their parents leaving the room, as they now know they are still around and are desperate to be with them, unlike before when they thought they disappeared once out of sight. At 1 year babies have developed a great deal and are now mobile, if they are not already walking they may be on the verge of learning to walk.They can stand hold ing onto furniture and may walk holding onto things around them. They can now crawl very fast and their eyesight has developed to that of an adult. Objects can now be held, touched and moved, they enjoy putting things in and out of containers as well as dropping things to see what happens to them, they will enjoy doing things like this over and over again. By now babies should be able to sit unsupported and should be able to feed themselves with their fingers and should now know what foods they like and dislike so will only eat what they like.Babies now understand more of what is being said to them and long strings of babbling is still how babies of this age communicate but now they are beginning to try and say their first words. At 18 months they can now walk and are usually referred to as a toddler, they enjoy playing with adults but are still fascinated by other children, they take an interest in what older siblings are doing too. At this age they begin to want some independence, they start to develop a mind of their own , they cry and have temper tantrums if they cannot have their own way or what they want.They may now be able to use a few words but can understand most of what adults say to them, but this does not mean that they understand the meaning of sharing and how to wait for things. Toddlers can change their mood very quickly and fidgety, which can be tiring for parents, they get upset if they are left in unfamiliar surroundings or with people they don’t know. At 2 years toddlers are now showing their individuality, they know what they want and what they want to do.They can now walk confidently as well as run and climb, they are able to pick things up. They like to be independent and get annoyed or frustrated if they cannot or are not allowed to do things for themselves, these outbursts are known as the terrible twos. They can now say around 200 words and are beginning to enjoy pretend play such as giving a teddy a pretend drink, they will pl ay with building blocks and simple jigsaw puzzles. At 2Â ½ years children are still happy to be independent and still find it hard to wait for things.Their communication skills are improving greatly and they can now put two words together, such as daddy gone, they may even manage short sentences. Their physical development is progressing and they are now determined to get things they want which could mean they put themselves in dangerous situations, such as climbing on chairs or standing on tables. They now begin to play more with other children rather than just alongside them. Pretend play and small world toys are now popular, as well as riding tricycles and climbing frames.Adult attention is still important and still enjoys cuddles and helping an adult, such as throwing paper in the rubbish bin. Been away from parents is still upsetting, unless they know who they are going to be with. At this age potty training may begin and may only take a few days to be out of nappies during th e day, for some children. At 3 years children are making a big jump in development which is linked to their language skills, instead of them showing that they are upset they are able to tell us and temper tantrums begin to happen less often.They begin to understand more of what is happening around them and understand the needs of others. They are now able to play with other children and are able to share toys with ease, other children begin to be important to them and will look forward to going to nursery. Children of this age are now generally happy to be away from parents as they now understand that they will return and are able to talk to staff who are looking after them.